Type 1 Diabetes is much less common than type 2, accounting for only 5-10% of diabetes cases. Unlike type 2 which is more common in older adults, type 1 is typically diagnosed before the age of 30. What is Type 1 Diabetes? Diabetes type 1 is an autoimmune disease in which the beta cells (insulin producing cells) located in the pancreas are destroyed over a period of time. The more beta cells are destroyed the less insulin that can be made. This results in a lifelong deficiency of insulin and dependency on insulin from external sources. Autoimmune refers to a condition in which the body mistakes its own cells (the beta cells) for invader cells and destroys them. While the exact cause is unknown, the autoimmune process is thought to be the result of genetic predisposition and an environmental trigger. This event sets off a chain reaction that causes the B cells of the immune system to creates proteins called antibodies that mark the beta cells and signal for their destruction by other parts of the immune response team. The CD4 and CD8T Cells are the soldiers who sniff out and destroy the tagged beta cells Progression of Type 1 Diabetes Before overt diabetes occurs the patient will be in a phase called pre-diabetes.

Gout develops as a direct result of excess uric acid in the body. However, certain common factors or causes can contribute to increased uric acid levels—including family and medical history, existing conditions, weight, and diet. For instance, gout flare ups are often caused by the flare-up actors: Enzyme deficiency Individuals born with Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome (or Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) are deficient in the enzyme, xanthine oxidase. As a result, they have increased uric acid levels, because this enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the formation of uric acid and keeping gout at bay. Existing medical issues Patients with existing medical conditions—such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney disease, and heart disease—or those who have experienced rapid weight loss may be more susceptible to gout. In addition, recent trauma or surgery patients face a greater overall risk of developing gout. Certain medications If you’re a long-term user of niacin, diuretics (to treat hypertension), or aspirin, you may be at risk of gout because your uric acid concentration is higher. In addition, anti-rejection drugs for organ transplant patients can also increase gout risk. Age and gender According to research from the Mayo Clinic, gout is more common in male patients, as compared to female patients, due to the simple fact that men have higher uric acid levels compared to women.

The diagnosis of COPD is most often based off of symptoms, spirometry, lab work and imaging.  Spirometry is a measurement of how deeply you breathe and the amount of air you can force out of your lungs after one second. Spirometry A spirometer reading is most often used to identify COPD.  It involves breathing into a tube attached to a device that measures the amount of air expired on forced expiration in 1 second (FEV1), the total amount of air expired (FEV), and the total lung capacity (FVC). This may be abnormal even when there are few symptoms of the disease. In COPD you will see FEV 1:FVC ratio of less than <0.7 FEV1 less than <80% Chest X-ray Sometimes a chest x-ray can be used to make the diagnosis of COPD.  This will show hyperinflated lungs and an increase in the darkness of the lungs due to the increase in the size of the alveoli. Lab work In many cases there will be an increase of red blood cells Decreased oxygen entering the blood stream means more red blood cells are produced to carry the oxygen that is entering. Sputum culture to detect inflammation and/or infection ABG (arterial blood gas) To detect the ratio of oxygen versus carbon dioxide in the blood Stages of COPD according to American Thoracic Society Stage 1:

Nowadays, stroke is rapidly turning out to be one of the main causes of death in the country. As nearly 800,000 citizens die every year due to stroke and it is now the fifth leading cause of death. In this condition, the human brain generally doesn’t receive enough amounts of oxygen. As a result, the brain cells get worn out and get dysfunctional. This condition can be alarmingly fatal. Such a condition needs to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. Patients belonging to the country with African or Caucasian ethnic background are more prone to experience it. A stroke is better to be prevented before it happens. A healthy lifestyle and having a balanced diet always reduces the chances of having it. Treatments for strokes are directly related to the types. This disease has a number of causes. Causes of a Stroke There can be a number of reasons as to why this situation can happen to the body. One can be at a higher risk if he/she comes under any of the major risk factors of this situation. The risk factors for stroke include: Obesity People who carry extra weight can be at a higher risk to experience a stroke.

Venous diseases are becoming increasingly common in the country in recent times, and one of these is varicose veins. About 3 million people are affected annually in the country by the condition of varicose veins. This disease is characterized by the appearance of bumpy, twisted, or swollen veins in the legs and feet of the patient, though in rare cases, it is seen in other parts of the body as well. Arteries pump oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the organs, while the function of the veins is to pump oxygen-depleted blood from the tissues and organs back to the heart. This action has to be performed against the force of gravity, due to which the walls of the vein are always under a tremendous amount of pressure. Since veins have only one-way valves, blood flows solely in the upward direction. The muscle contractions assist in pumping the blood through the valves of the veins, which are tiny openings in the veins. In case these valves become weak or damaged, blood starts flowing in the opposite direction, thereby pooling in the legs. This pooling of blood causes the veins to appear swollen or bumpy. Causes of Varicose Veins Heredity If any of your siblings, parents, or relatives have been diagnosed by the condition, chances are that you too may suffer from it.

A migraine is a severe and recurring pain in the head, often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity of light, sound, or even smell. Typically, the migraine headache is confined to just one side of the head, which can last for as short as a few hours to even three to four days at a stretch. Migraines are believed to be caused mainly due to some abnormal activity in the brain. This gives rise to complications in the ability of the brain to communicate with the other parts of the body. As a result, the whole nervous system gets affected eventually. Migraine attacks can get triggered at any time. While some people can identify it beforehand, others may not be able to do so. The pain is so intense that it becomes almost unbearable for the individual. These chronic headaches of migraines are hereditary and can pass on to generations as well. It affects people of any age. However, it is often unidentified in the case of children, but as an individual grows up, the symptoms become intense with respect to the changes in lifestyle. Causes of a migraine The exact causes of a migraine are not yet figured out, but there are various factors that trigger the headaches.

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that can happen when a problem occurs within the immune system. It is a common chronic disease that causes red, dry, scaly patches and flakes to appear on the skin. The rash often goes away with time but can flare up again after a while as a result of a trigger, such as stress. Causes of psoriasis Our immune system involves a type of cells called T cells. A trigger like stress or anxiety can cause these T cells to behave as if they are healing a wound or fighting an infection and to produce chemicals that cause inflammation which leads to an excessive growth of skin cells and inflammation. Normally, skin cells take up to 21 to 28 days to replace themselves, but, for patients suffering from psoriasis, it only takes around 2 to 6 days for the same. About 3 percent of people are affected by psoriasis globally and 7.5 million in the country itself. It affects both men and women equally and can begin at any age, but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years, and again between 50 and 60 years. Symptoms of psoriasis In the case of psoriasis, instead of skin cells shedding, both dead and live cells, collect on the skin’s surface as the replacement process is fast.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Ibs) is a very common disorder among people. It usually affects the digestive tract, mainly the large intestine. The disorder is not a severe one, although it causes a lot of complications when diagnosed. An individual with Irritable Bowel Syndrome is certainly to experience abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, food intolerance, and various abdominal issues. This syndrome is a chronic one and is likely to happen at any time. It also needs to be treated in long term. The complications, although not common to all, they can be treated or at least one can get relieved from them by taking some medications. Women are likely to get diagnosed with IBS than men. Owing to the fact that they encounter much stress and anxiety and due to the hormonal changes taking place during their monthly cycles, women can deal with the complications by making some changes in their lifestyle along with some medications. Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) The accurate cause is still unknown, although there might be a number of factors that play a significant role in causing Irritable Bowel Syndrome. They are listed below: The contraction in the muscle Continuous expansion and contraction of intestine muscles as the food moves through the digestive tract can cause excessive gas in the gut.

Joint pain is a kind of pain, discomfort, or inflammation that occurs from any part of joints like the bone, cartilage, ligaments, muscles, or tendons. Mainly, joint pain is referred to as arthritis or arthralgia which entails inflammation or pain from the joint itself. This type of joint pain can be mild without affecting the body or it could even be severe with limited body movement. The main function of the joints in the body is to form a connection between the bones. They provide us with the support to move. If any damage occurs within the joints, it results in a lot of pain. According to a national survey, it has been observed that about one-third of adults report having joint pains. Among all these types, knee pain is the most common one followed by hip and shoulder pain. Joints pain can be mild (acute) or severe (chronic) and even painful in every way. Even short-term joint pain can also hinder someone’s quality of life. As a person gets older, the pain tends to increase which does not seem to be curable easily. So, it is advised to always check with a doctor whenever someone is facing the unexplained and prolonged pain.

Dementia is basically a broader term used for the various cognitive abnormalities which a person develops. It can be a precursor of various diseases and brain disorders. A patient can experience forgetfulness and permanent loss of memory in this case. Alzheimer’s disease is the primary type of dementia, causing up to 60% of the total cases. Vascular Dementia often happens after strokes. Other reasons why it can occur are thyroid problems and deficiencies of several vitamins. In this case, reversible dementia can be caused. According to a recent census by the Alzheimer’s Association, around 4.7 million senior citizens are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease in the country. Causes of dementia The main cause of dementia is the damage to the brain cells. Due to this damage, the brain cells lose the ability to communicate with each other. This results in the dysfunction of the brain. Here are some reasons why cells get damaged in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease It is progressive dementia. There are several regions of the brain which control different functions of the body. Cell damage in a particular region results in the disability of carrying out the particular function. In the case of Alzheimer’s, the cells of the Hippocampus region get damaged.

At some point in their lives, some females are found to be diagnosed with cervical cancer. Cervical cancer causes tumor formation in the cervical region that may get aggravated to develop into malignancies. The lowest narrow part of the uterus is called the cervix. It is the cylindrical portion primarily composed of fibromuscular tissue. Cervix is demarcated to have two distinct regions, namely the ectocervix and the endocervix. The organ mainly takes part during parturition where the overlapping borders dilate for the baby to pass through. Cervical cancer may advance into malignant cancer where the cancerous cells invade to spread (metastasis) to the surrounding cells, affecting other organs like lungs, liver, vagina, bladder, and the rectum. There are two types of cervical cancer known to occur in females. These are as follows: Squamous cell cancer, which is predominant among 90% to 80% of women. This cancer generally causes an unhealthy growth of the outlined cells of the cervix. Adenocarcinoma, which is rare, affecting only 20% to 10% of females. This affects the glandular cell that lines the lower portion of the birth canal. Another situation of cancer may arise at the junction where the squamous and the glandular cells meet.