While patients may be tested for diabetes due to a variety of reasons, the guidelines suggest the following groups be tested People who are overweight and have one or more risk factors Overweight adults include people with a BMI >25 kg/m Risk factors (link to risk factors tab) People who have signs of high blood sugar (link to HBS tab) People with several risk factors Women who are pregnant Confirming a Diabetes diagnosis will be based on one of the following lab values: A1c levels of 6.5% or higher indicate diabetes OR Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > 126mg/dL OR 2-hour plasma glucose level of >200mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test using glucose load containing the equivalent to 75g of glucose dissolved in water OR Classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia) or hyperglycemic crisis, with a random plasma glucose of >200 mg/dL

Background The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing in Indonesia due to population growth, urbanization, and lifestyle. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease that escalates mortality rate, but not all DM develop into chronic kidney disease. Aims To estimate the prevalence of kidney dysfunction (KD) in DM and the associated dominant risk factors among productive age Indonesian based on the National Health Survey ( Riskesdas ) 2013. Methods The statistical data consisted of 15,791 females and 10,349 males, aged 20 to 54, who lived in rural and urban areas. The data was obtained from National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health. Data were collected from 33 provinces using cross sectional method. The variables data analyzed were sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, blood pressure, blood lipid, blood glucose, and creatinine. Kidney dysfunction was defined according to Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the dominant associated risk factors. Results The prevalence of KD in DM was 4% (CI 95% 3.1–5.1) and only 0.6% had been diagnosed. Many associated risk factors could affect DM leading to KD such as age, sex, rural, economic status, sugary food/drinks, salty food, coffee, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL, high LDL, and hypertriglyceridemia.

While there are many issues that may result in back pain, most of our patients suffer from the following disorders Abnormal Curvature – Your spine’s natural curves help balance your body, however, if the curves become too pronounced, or if your spine develops a twist or an extra curve, it puts extra pressure on the vertebrae and discs. Abnormal curvatures include: Scoliosis – a side-to-side curve in your back Kyphosis –  increased curve (“hump”) in your upper back Lordosis – increased curve in your lower back (“swayback”) Degenerated Disc –  Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is used to describe changes of the spinal discs – most commonly thinning, hardening and drying out. Disc degeneration can result from normal aging or wear-and-tear, but can start or accelerate because of injury, disease or unusual stress. Degenerated discs can irritate the spinal nerves and cause instability. Bulging Disc –  If the outer wall of a spinal disc weakens, it may push out, or bulge, toward the nerves. This can cause painful nerve irritation. Herniated Disc –  If the outer wall of a spinal disc tears (ruptures), the soft material inside the disc can squeeze out and press on nearby nerves. This can cause pain, numbness or weakness in your legs or back. Fractures – Vertebrae that crack or break can be caused by an injury, repeated stress or a condition like osteoporosis, which can make bones weak and brittle.

Even though chemotherapy is most often associated with drugs used in cancer treatment, “chemo” is actually characterized as the use of any drug to treat almost any disease. Chemotherapy works to kill cancer cells throughout the entire body when cancer has metastasized (or spread) from the original tumor to other parts of the body. Chemo is often used in collaboration with radiation, which eradicates cancer cells in a particular area, and surgery. The primary goal of chemotherapy treatment is to cure, control, and lessen the disease and symptoms (known as palliative care). Before a patient undergoes chemotherapy, doctors will decide on a treatment plan based on the following: Chemotherapy drugs To determine the drug to use for treatment (chemo), doctors will consider your type of cancer, stage of cancer, as well as patient age, and overall health (i.e., other existing health conditions, like kidney disease). They’ll also consider whether or not you’ve had chemo before in the past. Chemotherapy scheduling Chemotherapy is given by dose per cycle (i.e., several days) followed by several days or weeks with no treatment to allow healthy cells adequate recovery time from side effects. Your doctor will schedule your chemo based on the number of cycles needed, based on the type and stage of cancer you have.

A migraine is moderate to a severe headache lasting up to 1 to 3 days. Migraines affect approximately 12% of adults and children and occur primarily in women. These headaches are often incapacitating and associated with additional side effects such as nausea, autonomic dysfunction, and aura (visual impairment). Migraines are some of the most taxing neurological disorders in the world and a major cause of disability in the world. Prevent yourself from the below mentioned symptoms and; Click on the links above to know more about the treatments and medications of Migraine and get one step closer towards having a Healthy, Sound and Peaceful Body ? Migraine Symptoms Migraine symptoms vary from person to person. Classic symptoms include; throbbing head pain on one side of the head, sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, and vision changes. People with migraines will often seek quiet dark places to rest as the pain can be quite severe. Migraines and Auras There are two main types of migraines: a migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA). Patients with migraines with aura experience an assortment of neurological symptoms, usually visual, such as shiny shapes, hallucinations, and seeing black spots. However, the aura can impair other abilities such as sensory, speech, motor skills, eye function and brainstem functioning.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates 60,300 new leukemia diagnosis in the U.S. this year. Sadly, roughly 24,370 will succumb to the disease. Leukemia originates in the blood stem cells as either immature myeloid stem cells (monocytes, platelets, or granulocytes, which form clots or fight bacteria and infection) or immature lymphoid stem cells (or lymphocyte B, T or NK cells, which are white blood cells that battle infection and bodily threats). These immature cells, known as blast cells, produce abnormally and excessively, forcing out protective healthy cells. Leukemia occurs in four main types, which are grouped dependant upon if they develop from lymphoid stem cells (known as lymphoblastic leukemias) or myeloid stem cells (known as myelogenous leukemias): 1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia ACS research reports approximately 5,960 new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (or ALL) yearly in the U.S., and roughly 1,470 annual deaths. ALL largely affects child patients (3 in 4 children with leukemia) before the age of 5-years old. However, the majority of ALL deaths occur in patients older than 50-years old due to the fact that younger patients better respond to aggressive ALL treatment, which usually includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and sometimes immunology.

The Facts Obesity is a leading cause of preventable illness and death in North America.  In recent years, the number of overweight people in industrialized countries has increased significantly, so much so that the World Health Organization (WHO) has called obesity an epidemic. In the United States, 69% of the adult population are overweight or obese. In Canada, the self-reported data shows that 40% of men and 27% of women are overweight, and 20% of men and 17% of women are obese. People who are obese are at a much higher risk for serious medical conditions such as high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, gallbladder disease, and different cancers than people who have a healthy weight. Prevention is always better than cure; so if you have faced the below mentioned symptoms act now. Click on the Link above to get professional help on medication and treatments of Obesity. Symptoms and Complications The health risks associated with obesity include: breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) certain types of cancers (e.g., prostate and bowel cancer in men, breast and uterine cancer in women) coronary artery (heart) disease depression diabetes gallbladder or liver disease gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) high blood pressure high cholesterol joint disease (e.g., osteoarthritis) stroke People who are obese may have the symptoms of the medical conditions mentioned above.

How migraines develop is not well known. It is believed that migraines are caused by activation of nerves in the face (trigeminal nerves). Specifically, nerves that sense pain (nociceptors) and also stimulate blood vessels in the head are activated. Stimulation of the blood vessels by these nerves then stimulates regions of the brain involved in pain perception, such as the thalamus and various regions in the cortex. Causes of Migraines Environmental Causes of Migraines There are many environmental causes such as stress, bright lights, difficulty sleeping, ingredients in food and drinks, doing physically strenuous work and menstruation. Individuals can also be genetically predisposed to migraines due to mutations in specific genes. Genetic Predisposition to Migraines More than 100 genes have been shown to have at least one mutation that is associated with migraine development. Most genes that have been shown to contribute to migraines are involved in neuronal or vascular functions. Genome-wide analyses revealed that genes that encode a cation channel expressed in sensory neurons (TRPM8), a protein that influences how neurons relay messages to each other (LRP1) and a protein that may be involved in neurogenesis are also associated with migraines. Non-HM MAs can also be caused by genetic mutation.

Frequently, we come across people who say that they are dieting yet they see no results. Neither do they see a reduction in their pounds, nor do they see any change physically. Given below are the main reasons why you are not losing weight in spite of dieting. Common Diet Mistakes Not having a realistic goal Yes, you read it right – you may not have a realistic goal! Most people set too lofty goals to reach when it comes to losing weight without understanding their underlying physiology. Before-After transformation programs where we hear stories of people losing 20 pounds in a month also do not help with out goals. You need to understand that you are unique and how much weight you gain or lose depends on your genotype, eating habits, metabolic rate, life style, workout, and the amount of sleep you get each day. Before you start dieting you must experiment a little so that you understand how your body reacts to various types of food, how much sleep you get on an average, what your the metabolic rate is, and if you have any toxic food habits that might be silently adding to your weight. After understanding this, set realistic goals that you can achieve in five to six months that are based on the amount of commitment you can offer.

Lymphoma is classified as cancer that develops within the lymphatic system, or the body’s germ defense system, which is made up of the spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes (and glands). Lymphomas occur in two main types—Hodgkin’s lymphoma (also known as Hodgkin’s disease), and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Oncologists and doctors recommend lymphoma course of treatment that aims to destroy all traces of cancerous cells (if possible) while easing cancer symptoms and improving patient life quality with treatments leading to prolonged remission (or living cancer free). Treatments are typically based on several different factors, including: Lymphoma type Cancer stage or progression rate Patient health, age, and preferences Most cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (roughly 80%) respond well when the cancer is localized to a specific area of the body, and when treated with a combination of the following: 1. Watch and wait In cases of slow progressing non-Hodgkin lymphomas, doctors may opt to wait and surveil the cancer with periodic testing and monitoring. A course of treatment will be decided once symptoms begin to interfere with quality of life. 2. Radiation therapy Radiotherapy is a treatment that direct high-powered energy rays (or protons) directly at cancerous cells to kill them. 3. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy employs powerful drugs, either intravenously or orally, to destroy cancerous cells.

Lung cancer is the uncontrolled and incessant growth of the cells of a malignant tumor in and around the regions of the lungs. Quite similar to other cancers, lung cancer spreads to various nearby regions beyond the lung and also to other parts of the body. The process of spreading to other secondary and tertiary parts of the body from the initial originating area is termed as metastasis. Lung cancer is believed to be one of the leading cancers that cause death among people in large numbers worldwide. Therefore, proper treatment is necessary in order to get rid of at least get cured of lung cancer. Causes of lung cancer The most common cause of this cancer is prolonged smoking or exposure to smoke for a prolonged period of time. Exposure to radon gas is also a probable cause behind developing lung cancer. On inhalation of smoke, you intake a lot of cancer-causing agents called carcinogens; the sheer changes in the tissues of the lungs start to appear almost immediately. Though initially, you might be able to cope up with it, eventually, the immune system becomes weak and falls prey to cancer. Apart from all these, your ancestral history also plays a great role in increasing the risk of getting cancer.